descriptive point of view (may be interpreted). What can be understood from this is that translation shifts can be found by comparing the ST with TT to see the changes the ST is undergone and examining the TT with an emphasis being laid upon the relation with its readers. Popovic views the text as one element of a system which includes the writer and the text’s literary culture. He then attributes translation shifts to the differences between “the two languages, the two authors, and the two literary
from one language to another language in their mind. 3. Restructuring Restructuring is the final process of translation. In this process the translator is restructuring the text or language in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. According to Dr. Ronald H. Bathgate (1981), there are six elements, steps and integral parts in the process of translation such: 1. Turning. By this the translator mean getting the fell of the text
Translation can be described as the father of all sciences in a foreign language. All the scientific experiences and theoretical knowledge cannot be shared around the world without the use of translation. So, translation is important fields for both languages and cultures. Translators bear the responsibility of reconstructing the source text in a target language. For the descriptive point of view, Tory (1995, p. 56) states that translation is an activity which ‘inevitably involves at least two languages
has been preserved or changed in translation. The differences in the thematic structure may be due to the theme-rheme structures of the clauses and how the given-new information is presented. It shows also the variations between languages and the translator competence in preserving the meaning in spite of ‘’ gaps in the lexicon, fusion of multiword concepts, differences in register, cultural differences’’(De Vasconcellos. 1992.p.50). If we believe that translation is the process of recreation of
Nowadays spoken language is considered to perform a variety of tasks. These tasks can be divided into two main categories, one concerned with the exchange of information and the other with interpersonal aspects of communication. One way to interpersonal messages in spoken interaction is hedging (Reikinen 2009). Hedging is a strategy of communication which enables the speakers to soften the force of their utterance (Nikula 1997:188). This makes their speech more acceptable to the interlocutor. For
When dealing with song translation in dubbed films, the translator should take into account visual-nonverbal aspects of a film. Chaume (2004, 40) lists three main cinematographic conventions that fall under the umbrella of synchrony: • lip-sync; • isochrony; • kinesic synchrony. Moreover, Pilar Orero adds action synchrony. Consequently, Chaume (2012, 75) notes that the importance of visual synchrony depends on the film genre: If the function of the translation is to convey emotions without sounding
Many authors, such as Cowan (2008), and Yule (2010) claim that grammar is defined as the set of rules according to which words are changed and combined together in a sentence so that a sentence is formed both correctly and meaningfully. Grammar is important because the good language knowledge is sine qua none when we want to talk about language. It is the grammar who gave us names of word types and word groups and who enables us to form sentences not only in English but also
Moreover, the method had little scope for language learning in the Higher education where a higher level of reading comprehension and writing proficiency were required. Similarly, this method was not useful enough to develop the pragmatic competence of the learners ate the discoursal level. 4. The Audio-Lingual Method The Audiolingual/Audiovisual Method also called "The Army Method," was basically designed for the US military personnel. The method was inspired by the structuralists
allowed these people from different languages to collaborate their ideas. The use of the English language as a medium of programming provides a common base for people to present their ideas on a common platform. This prevents what we call “Lost in Translation”. Programming in many ideas causes conflicts of the variables and commands used, that is, the syntax becomes clouded. Using a single language will keep it uniform for everyone to read and understand and English is the most suitable option for this
An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Applied Linguistics is” understood as an open field, in which those inhabiting or passing through simply show a common commitment to the potential value of dialogue with people who are different” (Rampton 1997: 14). Cook defines applied linguistics as “the academic discipline concerned with the relation of knowledge about language to decision making in the real world”. (Cook, 2003) It was established in the 1960s and 1970s that applied linguistics was concerned