background knowledge of the topic, the situation or context, the type of text, and the language. This background knowledge activates a set of expectations that help the listener interpret what is heard and anticipate what will come next. Top-down strategies include: 1. Listening for the main idea. 2. Predicting. 3. Drawing inferences. 4. Summarizing. • Bottom-up strategies are text based; the listener relies on the language in the message,
In 2017, it is estimated that there are more than 7,000 living languages in the world and along with that number, above ten thousand of dialects are already being spoken (Simons & Fennig, 2017). Language of a community is usually united yet including in itself the diversity feature. Its diversity can be witnessed through the variation of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation from place to place within a language-area. This essay will attemp to answer the question of how dialectalization happens.
English is known as the international language in the world that make a strong communication between the people of the world, which many developing countries attempt to use this language while their native tongue is not English. Speaking English may have some positive and negative effects on those countries which English is not their original language. Although in many countries English is thought as a foreign language in schools and universities, some other countries used English as the Medium of
research work was conducted with foremost mission to highlight lacks withinlegal English learners. The list of learners for study not only has included the students but teachers themselves. It was likely considered that the students fail to comprehend issue of Vagueness found in English legal language. It even contradicted with legal student’s goal of precision. According to (Swales and Bhatia, 1982), they pointed that “English for legal Purposes (ELP) is an important but relatively uncultivated corner
Language has provided human beings with the ability of communicating their thoughts, ideas, emotions to others, and their anticipation towards every episode of their life. Every community has its own language for communicating, but not all the languages have the same position when it comes to speakers’ number (e.g. English language). As far as the objectives of learning English language is concerned, English community has created open fields of success according to individuals’ interest by presenting
ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHIC SYSTEM MODIFICATION English is a West Germanic language related to Scots, Dutch, Frisian and German, is one of the most used actual languages in the world. However, English’s orthographic system has been reformatted three times; these changes are placed in three different periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English (Ager, 1998) this happened due to the necessity of solve the orthography depth, which indicates the one-to-one letter-phoneme correspondence and some
Because, the ability to speak a language means that having already learned enough language features as lexicon and grammar, expressive devices like: stress, volume, and speed with the use of non-verbal forms that help them conveying meaning easily. As well, having a sufficient knowledge of the language’s culture and the ability to interact with other that means being able to send and receive information rapidly with no barriers. 1.4. Goals of SS Speaking a language is the most demanded skill in different
Essay #1 There are so many different forms of English that are used on the daily basis that we unknowingly switch up on. Some are based on the people that we are around and others are in the area or even situation that we may be in. we rarely notice when we change from one form to another. In Amy Tan’s article “Mother tongue” she shows how her mother’s unique English led her to go through many trials and obstacles and was overlooked by many. In this essay, I will show how some of the issues that
Katherine; and Paulus Trena (2009). Language and Academic Identity: A Study of the Experiences of Non-Native English Speaking International Students. International Education, Vol. 38 Issue (2). The central idea of the article “Language and academic identity: A study of the experiences of non-native English speaking international students (by, Olivia Halic et, al, 2009)” is to explore how non-native English-speaking international students face problems in language, culture and identity in regards to
sentence dictation. Thus she suggested that more attention should be paid to standard dictation in middle school for the sake of the developmental in students’ listening comprehension and global English ability in use. Another brunch of research is on the effect of standard dictation on global language ability. Yang (2003) investigated the effect of systematic classroom dictation practice on the overall