In developing countries rural households especially in African regions rely much on subsistence farming as main source of livelihoods in which food security is met and it also provides seasonal employment opportunities. Although rural households engaged much in farming activities but they are faced with enormous challenges that force them choose other options of livelihoods’ strategies. For instance, due to persistence droughts and unreliability of rainfall made rural households not to have sufficient
Lecture 8. 17/3 Article: “Wild Earth” critique of Cronon’s approach A. SUMMARY: The article is a critique of Cronon’s approach to wilderness and the division of nature and culture. The argument that is being challenged is Cronon, and explains how the wildness has declared the nature as being something foreign, that people have excluded. He gives an example of a tree in the garden, and compares it to a tree in an ancient forest. People in modern time have stamped the tree in the forest as being
inhabitants. The research by Mulliner & Muliene (2011) and Ramsay (2012) suggest some criteria which should be fulfilled by a sustainable housing: affordable, accessible & adaptable, adequate & suitable, meets need of individual’s well being/livability, and resource efficient. In their further research, they also incorporate the criteria with other social and environmental factors (Mulliner & Muliene 2015). Their study basically examine the sustainable housing criteria by ealier research by Samuels (2005)
5 - Using the socio-ecological network model approach, Spiegelberg et al. (2015) explored the connectivity of upland farmers and downstream fishers through inter-linkages of water, energy, and food within the Dampalit sub-watershed of Laguna Lake, Philippines. The aim of the study is to yield policy
land use and the connection between upland and downstream areas (Ffolliott et al., 2002). In essence, it is resource management with the watershed as the basic organizing unit. Watershed management carries out number of activities with an integrated approach addressing proper land use, protecting lands from all forms of degradation, building and
providing the necessary data and argument why the feminist approach should be appropriate in solving the issue haven’t been thoroughly explained. The author gave an extensive detailed report about the research and scientific findings about the progress in the climate level such as the rise of the sea level, rising temperatures in the global level that is conducted by the UNDP and UNEP, but more extensive data about how it affects the livelihood of women in the area have yet to be provided thoroughly
Restrictive management practices, exclusionary conservation policy and non – participatory governance of protected area have rigorously affected livelihoods of an indigenous people who are predominately dependent on natural resources (Amin, 2015; West, 2006; Wells 1995). In the context of Nepal, the notion of biodiversity conservation held constraining perspective on the protection of flora and fauna. Therefore, several conflicts between park – people in protected areas are presented in literature
CHAPTER ONE RESEARCH DESIGN 1.1 Introduction Food Security is one of the topical issues of the 21st century with discussions revolving around the quality and quantity of food as well as sustainability of food across the globe. At the center of these discussions are the poorest of countries in Africa, Asia and other parts of the world. In response to challenges for food security on the continent, the African Union, operating on the platform of the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)
basis of my beliefs and understanding of the interrelationship between inequality, poverty, and conflict. Therefore, my approach to peacebuilding is consistent with the belief that poverty is both a cause and an effect of armed conflict. Inequality manifest in armed violence and armed violence equally manifest into poverty. Based on this point of view, I subscribe to a holistic approach to peacebuilding address conflict from multiple levels including, the factors leading to divisions, inequality, poverty
employees to retain their employee motivation to help the organization to achieve their goals. Hence, this study aims to identify the relationship between compensation and intrinsic motivation. 1.2 Research Objectives 1.2.1 General