The environmental impact assessment in India was started in 1976-77 when the Planning Commission asked the then Department of Science and Technology to examine the river-valley projects from environmental angle. This was subsequently extended to cover those projects, which required approval of the Public Investment Board. These were administrative decisions, and lacked the legislative support. The Government of India enacted the Environment (Protection) Act on 23rd May 1986. To achieve the objectives
To control land degradation, the Malaysian government placed many legislations including such laws as environmental quality act (1974), land conservation act (1960), and national forestry act 1984. The Environmental Quality Act 1974 has various regulations including regulations on restrictions of soil pollution, restrictions of noise pollution, restrictions imposed on pollution of the atmosphere, restrictions of pollution of inland waters etc. that contributed mitigations of land degradation in Malaysia
U.S. government began setting aside national forest reservations due to the concern for protecting future commercial timber supplies and watersheds. The U.S. Forest Service was then established in 1905 and its job was to manage the control of the lands that were threatened. Foresters demanded that fire protection needs to be a big part of forest management because “why create national forests if they were going to burn down”. 5 years later after the U.S Forest Service was established, in what was
CHAPTER-III ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: THE POLICY Environmental degradation affects national welfare by damaging human health, economic activities and ecosystems. Because environmental problems represent a classic externality,’ some government regulation is generally warranted. From an economist’s perspective, desirable regulation should weigh two factors: the benefits associated with reduced environmental damage, and the opportunity cost of mitigation. In reality, the extent and focus of government
INTRODUCTION Forests provide economic, socio-cultural and ecological values. Livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people worldwide have been engaged on forest products either directly or indirectly (FAO, 2006). Forests have a vital safety net role in time of needs. Forest degradation is a widespread global concern and an important contemporary issue for several United Nations (UN) organizations and conventions. Forest degradation is broadly defined as a reduction in the capacity of a forest to produce
Concept. 1. The concept of international cooperation International cooperation is the meeting point of a wide range of national interests of the various Nations that could not be fulfilled in his own country. The main issues of international cooperation that is based on the extent to which mutual benefit gained through cooperation can support the conception of national interests from the interests of the action unilaterally. 2. Approach to Civic Environtalism Cinic environtalism approach is more
existing model in our Region as an illustration of this co-management arrangement is the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Project covering the Negros Occidental Watershed initiated by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the lead agency. Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) was created thru an Executive Order No. 263 on July 19, 1995 which will then serve as a national strategy to ensure the sustainable development of the country’s forestland resources and providing
population growth, economic growth and initiation of policy, laws ad legislations (Morara et al., 2014). 2.2.1Population growth Population growth has been the fundamental driver of land use change all over the world, especially in developing countries that prioritize economic development. Population growth was found as main cause of deforestation which is a land use change practiced worldwide. Meyer and Turner (1992) asserted that population growth
This can be evident from the provincial as well as national flags, currency and the coats of arms, in which Canadian wildlife and landscapes are extensively employed. Natural environment is considered like a heritage among Canadians. This is the reason that about 98% of the Canadians considers the natural
developed by McFadden (1974). It was first developed for marketing and transportation related studies, but used extensively in the valuation of environmental amenities (Bennett and Blamey, 2001). It allows the valuation of changes in welfare, or policies relating to their level of provision. In CE, sets of choices made up of alternative outcomes are based on hypothetical scenarios. These alternative outcomes vary in their specific characteristics of which, are known to influence choices. By presenting