Background of study Before being handed over to Malaya to form a federation of Malaysia in 1963, Sabah was ruled by the Sultanate of Sulu (Church,2003). In the middle of the 17th century the Sabah was given to the Sultan of Sulu by Sultan of Brunei as a symbol of thanksgiving for helping Brunei. The Sabah was awarded by Brunei Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin to the Sulu Sultan Salah-ud-Din Karamat Bakhtiar for helping to settle a civil war dispute against Pengiran Bongsu Muhyuddin (Samad & Bakar, 1992)
This study is adapting the theory of hedging in international relations. It is to analyze whether the defense cooperation between the aforementioned countries, and Malaysia, are beneficial to the Armed Forces of Malaysia. Hedging can be defined as a set of methods, positioned to avoid (or planning for contingencies) situations whereby the states cannot decide on direct alternatives, such as band-wagoning, neutrality, and balancing. During the period of hedging, the state will seek to cultivate the
This chapter examines the political implications of human trafficking towards Malaysia. It is divided into three parts. The first part examined how Malaysia’s reputation damaged by this illicit activity. The second part discussed the level of corruption in Malaysia. The last part explained how human trafficking weakened Malaysian border control. Human Trafficking Damages Malaysia’s Reputation. One of the most damaging effects of human trafficking is its effect on Malaysian’s reputation. Reputation
importance with its sea frontiers across important sea routes involving the oil rich Indian Ocean region related to the strategically important Asia Pacific region. Southeast Asia is becoming increasingly importance in today’s globalised world both on relation of the significant situation that it occupies in international deal and in terms of climate change. Its honesty to trade and investment has made it a significant contribution to global economic growth trends. Economy has averaged more than 5 per
In the age of economic globalization, conflict is no longer an automatic synonym of a shooting war, on the contrary it can embody many forms. In the case of the Sino-Indian relations the most dangerous potential flashpoint, is Trade in the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean has trade routes that connect Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia with the rest of the Asian continent, and Europe. Both, China and India aspire to become the regional economic hegemonies, however, their interests are overlapping
INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC BROAD AREA OF THE STUDY Consumer awareness of covering the customer the impression that awareness and consciousness about the company or its products. Customer perception is usually affected by advertising, reviews, public relations, social media, personal experiences and other channels. Perception is broader. It is a complex process, and the fact that a person in which to stimulate the surrounding tissue and has a meaning to it. Perception describes three steps, namely, complex