Sri Lanka Literature Review

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Literature review is divided in to four parts such as water availability problem in dry zone, impact of water availability on production, impact of water availability on income and cost of farming and impact of water availability on reinvestment capacity. 1. Water Availability Sri Lanka has three climatic zone such as dry zone, intermediate zone and wet zone based on average precipitation and temperature. Sri Lankan climate show slow and continuous increases in temperature (0.0016oc per year), frequent occurrence of extreme weather events and variability in seasonal rainfall (Nishadi eriyagama et al, 2010). These climate changes directly affect the water resources capacity and water availability. Annual rain fall in dry zone area such as…show more content…
Rice crop is very sensitive to water scarcity and it needs water most of its lifecycle to get good yield. Water requirement can be varied depend on soil and climate. Reproductive stage of rice is very sensitive to water scarcity. Because, spikelet sterility and partially filled or un-filled grain can be produced and it will leads to reduce the production (De Costa, 2010). Water scarcity limits the rice yield (Keller and Seckler, 2005). Because, transpiration and rice yield are increased simultaneously because of additional transpiration from grain and panicles. Major irrigation system recorded high rice yield than minor irrigation system in dry and intermediate zone (Weerakoon et al, 2005) and another research state that, in 2000/01 major tank areas recorded high rice yield (29% more) than minor tank systems (Thiruchelvam, 2005). The above yield differences may be result by availability of water because major irrigation schemes most secure system in term of water availability for cultivation than other systems (Thiruchelvam,…show more content…
So, poverty not only a single component but also it has different component. Here, the term poverty defined as failure to cover minimum or lack of income to do farming in following season. Transformation of Sri Lankan Economy from a rural agricultural based to a more industrial oriented economy to solve the growing problems of unemployment and poverty. Most of the provinces still depend on agriculture sector as a livelihood source (except Western Province) and agricultural employees are mostly vulnerable to natural disaster such as flood or drought (FIOH, 2011). Poverty mostly concentrates on rural areas (84.7%) rather than other sectors and sector wise poverty distribution are urban 2.4%, rural 7.5% and estate 6.5% (HIES 2012/2013). Agriculture sector explicit higher poverty incidents among the other sector and when analyses the poverty incidents against occupation wise 41% of farmers are suffered under the poverty level among total poor population of the country (Regaining Sri Lanka, 2002). Poverty in Sri Lanka is marked by spatial heterogeneity. Consumption poverty concentrated among rural and estate sector. It is estimated over 33 percent of rural and estate households struggle below the consumption poverty (FIOH,
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