Patrick Carr and Maria Kefales, are the authors of the chapter “Heartland and the Rural Youth Exodus”. The chapter is from the book, “Hollowing out the Middle: The Rural brain drain and what it means for America”. Migration of young people to the urban centers is a major concern that has attracted debate among various stakeholders. Better living standards and search for good jobs are some of the reasons for such migration. The development of small towns is stagnating resulting into untapped resources
of all Indians will live in urban areas, as per United Nation's World Urbanisation Prospects, a big shift from now, when just about one-third of the population does so. This would mean tens of millions migrating from the villages and into towns and cities each year, with profound impacts on every aspect of our life including the social, cultural, political, economic and ecological. This phenomenon is not new – the mass urbanization and the gradual decline of the rural areas has been repeated, and
The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the Southern United States. They migrated from the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West. The Great Migration occurred from 1910-1970. As Chicago, New York and other cities saw their black populations expand dramatically, migrants were forced to deal with poor working conditions and competition for living space, as well as a lot of racism and prejudice. During the Great Migration, African
households include a migrant. The effects of migration on individuals, households and regions add up to a significant impact on the national economy and society. Despite the numbers, not much is written on migration within or from India and its considerable costs and returns remain outside of the public policy realm. This paper reviews key issues relating to internal and external labour migration in India. It analyses the patterns, trends and nature of labour migration, reviews existing government and non-governmental
the state-centered theory of inequalities and the neoclassical migration theory. The approaches provide a guideline for our analyses section in order to find proper answer for our research question and sub-questions. Furthermore, the theories help to understand the phenomenon of migration after the implementation of hukou, the occurred social inequalities and the government's behaviour in relation to regulate the size of the migration flow and control the living conditions of the workers. Both of
Metropolitan cities The Development of urban areas in various parts of the world has increased incredibly fast and is expected to continue an upward rise over the next decade. By 2025, the ratio between urban and rural areas is estimated to become 53% to 47% . The development of these urban areas will essentially cause a large-scale collection of capital and population triggering intensive development in particular urban zones. This urban agglomeration is driven by various factors that favor economic
factors: the push factors which motivate migration are poverty, indebtedness, social outcast, unemployment, natural calamities etc. Which compete people to move out?2 The others factors: the physical condition of a region which varies according to time and space play vital role in influencing human migration from one region to another. Physical catastrophes such as earthquakes, landslides, climate fluctuation, etc., have time to time influenced migration. Floods, droughts force people to desert their
Germany, has decided to undergo internal economic migration (Videographic). From 1990-2005, mass internal economic migration in China has shifted working rural populations towards urbanised cities nearing coasts; shown in Figure 1. Economic migration applies mostly to the young and skilled (Smeed), causing Sichuan’s dependency ratio/year to decrease by 33.33%; responsible for 20% of China’s economic growth (World). The effects of internal economic migration on the dependency ratio of Sichuan are positive
However, it was widely defined as unregulated economic enterprises. According to Post (2007), urban unemployment, rural-urban migration and informal economy conventionally are substantial contribution for economic development since the 1960s. The declining agricultural products in LDCs and subsistence characterizes of agricultural sector which are the bases for migration of labor from rural to urban that is way the productivity of labor was increasing from industrial sector. In
being held by the rural poor of Bolivia. Furthermore the state abolished the traditional land tenure system and began