Modernized Russia

1180 Words5 Pages
The central driving force behind the Revolution of 1917 was the need for a leadership willing to take decisive action in shaping a modernized Russia. The tsarist government, stretching back to the Great Reforms, both desired to be a industrial economic power and was reluctant to loosen its unrestricted political control. As a result of these duelling interests, Russia came to be led in a vacillating manner that bred unrest amongst its vast population, who had become adamant for definitive reform. Into this political vacuum stepped the intelligentsia, who provided an ideology strong enough in its promise of enactable transformation to challenge the weakening autocracy. While the old order became increasingly irrelevant within a changing society,…show more content…
He set the tone by relying on tentative measures and, above all, depending on Russia’s untempered power to maintain stability. The criticality of modernization was finally realized following the utter failure of the Crimean War against the industrialized powers of England and France. The Russians simply did not have an adequate number of trained troops, the technology necessary for efficient transportation, or a strong economy that could withstand war. If Russia wanted to be a great power, it needed to evolve not just economically, but also socially and politically. Alexander II recognized this, but was fundamentally “highly conservative and a deeply ambivalent reformer”. Accordingly, the path to reform he embarked upon for the rest of his reign was riddled with contradictions, as he clung to the old order while trying to confront the necessity of change. For example, the “Emancipation of the Serfs” kept the peasants as second-class citizens, constrained them to their locality, extended their tax burden, and placed them under the administration of the communes. Land settlement would not come for another two years, and when it would, peasants were required to make redemption payments to their former lords. On the other hand, nobles were angered by their loss of substantial…show more content…
While this group of isolated intellectuals had existed since the early nineteenth century, the changing landscape of Russian society prompted gains in their influence. As the educational system developed, men of different class origins were increasingly thrown together in an environment that promoted enlightenment. Generally, these intelligentsia favored the ideology of socialism, calling for “a leap beyond capitalism into a social order based on the peasant commune”. The pure idealism of their forerunners had become insipid to them, and by the 1860s they turned to action to make their vision of society a reality. Consequently, an outpouring of revolutionary enterprises occurred, marked by student protest, proclamations and acts of violence. This was followed by a populist wave that emphasized the strength of the peasantry, inciting on the ‘going to the people’ campaign in the 1870’s. When this measure fizzled, instead of returning to theory, the intelligentsia devoted themselves to terrorism, culminating in the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. Although true revolution would not come until 1917, the intelligentsia had begun to understand the essentiality of organized political activity. Following these events, the government shifted resolutely away from reform in hopes of crushing dissent. Alexander III took to the throne with a manifesto that underlined the power of the autocracy and
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