urination has long been recognized as an important form of communication in different social contexts. The rural study site was selected for this part of the study. Observations were conducted 3 days and u/ere made on foot or on bicycles from a safe distance. Care was taken so that the normal activities of the dogs were not disturbed due to observation activities of the investigator. Normally dogs were seen to scent mark by urination on herbs, bushes, tree-trunks, stones, pillars, lamp-posts, concrete walls
involve both human and non-human participants. In this essay I will discuss the contributions of Classical and Operant Conditioning studies to the field of Psychology. I will begin with Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a principle developed by Ivan Pavlov that refers to learning through association, for example if you’re hungry and smell your favourite food you are likely to salivate (Martin, Carlson, and Buskist, W. 2013). This theory focuses on involuntary or automatic responses for
Psychology can be approached in many different ways. Two of the most popular approaches are the behaviourist approach and the Psychodynamic approach. John B Watson was the key founder of the Behaviourist approach. He was deeply influenced by animal studies and felt that psychology could not rely on introspection but on observation. He used many different methods such as observation, testing methods, verbal reports and the conditioned reflex method. In contrast to behavioural psychology, psychodynamic
intriguing experiment on dogs that included the testing of the animal and concluded with the stunning discovery of classical conditioning. Notably, When Pavlov rang a bell and brought food, it made it clear to the dog that once he heard the sound of the bell and smelled the sense of the food that he would be fed.While Pavlov kept doing this process over and over again, it leads to once he rang just the bell, the dog would know that food has arrived. Normally, in this experiment, the food would just be the
room to feed the dogs they started to produce saliva. This peaked his interest and began to start an experiment. Pavlov started by first bringing the dog food with no other distraction and measured the amount of saliva the dog produce. Once he had set a base line, Pavlov then started to ring a bell at first then proceeded to feed the dog. After a while Pavlov started to ring the bell but not feed the dog. The dog’s response was that it started to salivate. After a while the dog stopped salivating
Most people believe that animals are not intelligent or compassionate. If that was the case, then why would we have pets? Animals are very loving and intelligent and to prove it, many people have done experiments with animals. Zoologists have spent a lot of time around their animal subjects to see what their normal lives are like. They have come across many new discoveries by doing this and continue to find new things quite often. Numerous people might argue that animals are not clever or understanding
the Behaviourist approach looking at Watson and his assumptions and ideas including the methodology, strengths and limitations of this approach. The final approach that will be analysed is the Humanistic approach looking at Maslow and his ideas and studies. The Psychodynamic approach believes that behaviour is
Food additives are synthetic or natural compounds that are added in natural food ingredients during food processing that can affect the food properties or become a component of the food. Sudan red, citric acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, aspartame, nitrites and nitrates are the typical examples of food additives. Other common food additives are summarized in Table 2.Table 2. Common sources of frequently used food additives and their potential adverse effects. (Chemical Cuisine, Learn about Food
Dogs are valuable to humans for their companionship, and their abilities to perform different tasks (Hsu & Sun, 2010). The purpose of this study is to research people’s attitudes towards pit bull breeds compared to other dog breeds. Media has put a huge alteration to the pit bull breed. A lot of people are in favor of pit bull dogs being named one of the top ten most dangerous breeds. The term “pit bull” refers to a type of dog with certain physical features including a muscular and stocky build