related to earth, water, or civilization and their processes. 1.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Concrete is arguably the most important building material, playing a part in all building structures. Its virtue is its versatility, i.e. its ability to be moulded to take up the shapes required for the various structural forms. It is also very durable and fire resistant when specification and construction procedures are correct. Concrete can be used for all standard buildings both single storey
bacterial concrete in two ways:- 1. By direct application 2. By encapsulation in light weight concrete By direct application Bacterial spores and calcium lactate are added directly while making and mixing of concrete in direct application method. when cracks are formed in concrete bacterial spores get broke and hence, bacteria comes in active stage from dormancy stage and feed on calcium lactate and produced limestone which fills the crack . By encapsulation in light weight concrete In encapsulation
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Gabions 6.1 Advantages They are cost effective compared to traditional concrete or reinforced concrete walls. Reduce velocity of water as the energy dissipated by the rocks, thus reduce erosion. Its flexibility allows for small ground movement. Economical, especially if field stone is
Self-healing materials are no more an illusion and we are not far away from the days when manmade materials can restore their structural integrity in case of a failure. For example, the cracks in buildings can close on their own or the scratches on car bodies can recover their original shiny appearance by itself. Indeed, this is what everyone can see in case of the natural healing of wounds and cuts in living species. In the case of structural materials the long-time degradation process leads to
62) argues the myriad of toys available has a significant impact on children’s development of creativity. When children play with toys based on media characters they will adhere to those traits as expressed on screen. This ingrained idea of the concrete character means children miss out on the opportunity to
Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In Malaysia, deep basements have been extensively constructed, especially in the last 10 years, to effectively utilise the underground space for car parks and other usage in the expensive and congested urban area (Gue & Tan, 1998). Good foundation design and construction practice means not only insulating to save energy, but also providing effective structural design as well as moisture, termite, and radon control techniques where appropriate (John, Jeffrey
It is the oldest, simplest and the most routinely used method to manufacture PMCs. It is able to manufacture both small and big reinforced product. The hand lay-up method is done by using a flat surface, a cavity or a positive shaped mold that is made from either wood, plastic or metal or maybe even the combination of all these materials. Next up is the Pultrusion method. The pultrusion
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is divided into several parts that will explain more about the theoretical parts on the pedestrian road safety in creating a safe journey to the community. The first part will explain on the definition of Pedestrian Road Safety, history development, the process involve in Pedestrian Road Safety, and the benefits of Pedestrian Road safety itself in creating a good and efficient pedestrian road safety for the community. On top of that, the second part will
Introduction Propaganda remains a relatively unformed concepts despite the fact that it was defined by many scientists with different ways. This is reflected in the uncertainty and absence of agreement between several ways used to explain the phenomenon. But still some aspects of propaganda can be studied without unconditional agreement in political and other sciences. Propaganda in many cases is associated with a distortion of the truth and such expressions as ‘brainwash’, ‘lie’, ‘manipulation’