Civil Engineering Structure

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Federal Judicial Academy Phase II, Islamabad Chapter-1 1 1.1 CIVIL ENGINEERING In modern usage, civil engineering is a broad field of engineering that deals with the planning, construction, and maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they are related to earth, water, or civilization and their processes. 1.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Concrete is arguably the most important building material, playing a part in all building structures. Its virtue is its versatility, i.e. its ability to be moulded to take up the shapes required for the various structural forms. It is also very durable and fire resistant when specification and construction procedures are correct. Concrete can be used for all standard buildings both single storey…show more content…
structures do not collapse without due warning) and on serviceability (i.e. floor vibration and building sway are not uncomfortable to occupants). In addition, structural engineers are responsible for making efficient use of funds and materials to achieve these overarching goals. Typically, entry-level structural engineers may design simple beams, columns, and floors of a new building, including calculating the loads on each member and the load capacity of various building materials (steel, timber, masonry, concrete). An experienced engineer would tend to render more difficult structures, considering physics of moisture, heat and energy inside the building components. 1.5 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT Structural engineers may find themselves involved in the design of a large variety of projects, including buildings, bridges, dams, airports, stadiums and nuclear power plants. Although each of these projects has a different purpose, they all have some common characteristics. To begin with, they are all built to satisfy human needs. Buildings are built to provide shelter, bridges…show more content…
Structural analysis needs input data such as structural loads, the structure's geometry and support conditions, and the materials' properties. Output quantities may include support reactions, stresses and displacements. Advanced structural analysis may include the effects of vibrations, stability and non-linear behaviors. 1.9 APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS 1.9.1 Mechanics of The Material 1.9.2 Elasticity Theory 1.9.3 Finite Element Approach 1.9.1 MECHANICS OF THE MATERIAL The simplest of the three methods here discussed, the mechanics of materials method is available for simple structural members subject to specific loadings such as axially loaded bars, prismatic beams in a state of pure bending. 1.9.2 ELASTICITY THEORY Elasticity methods are available for generally for an elastic solid of any shape. Individual members such as beams, columns, shafts, plates and shells may be modeled. The solutions are Federal Judicial Academy Phase II, Islamabad Chapter-1 4 derived from the equations of linear elasticity. The equations of elasticity of are a system of partial differential equations. Due to the nature of the mathematics involved, analytical
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