Theories Of Price Discrimination

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Theory of economic discrimination - Price discrimination The theory of price discrimination, which can be traced back to (Pigou, 1920) and (Robinson, 1933), describes the practice as selling a good at different prices to different consumer segments. A broader definition frequently used in contemporary literature comes from Stigler (Stigler, 1987) in which two or more similar goods are sold at different price ratios to their marginal cost. As Stole (Stole, 2007) explains, the marginal cost calculation requires careful attention so as to ensure all relevant shadow costs are included, particularly where costly capacity and aggregate demand uncertainty play critical roles. Price discrimination is made possible by the ability to separate consumer…show more content…
Price discrimination generally arises because better customer information becomes available or because firms acquire additional tariff instruments (Armstrong, 2006). Firms prefer to segment consumers through directly observable characteristics. When this is not possible, indirect segmentation occurs through customer self-selection by publishing price-schedules or two-part tariffs which reveals (otherwise) unobservable characteristics (Stole, 2007). Price discrimination comes in many forms. Pigou (Pigou, 1920) would define first-, second- and third-degree price discrimination as…show more content…
The classic case does involve a profit maximising monopolist who segments the market and deploys discriminatory prices to extract rent. Reinforcing this view is the economist’s juxtaposed model of perfect competition where anonymous uniform prices are set to marginal cost in an environment where discriminatory prices could not possibly exist because rivals compete away any quasi-rents (Robinson, 1933). The classic prescription to maximise efficiency in economics is to set a uniform clearing price equal to marginal cost. Under perfectly competitive conditions, one can demonstrate that consumer and producer welfare is maximised. But there is a long list of explicit and implicit assumptions underpinning this classic prescription including constant returns to scale, no common fixed or sunk costs, no transaction costs, perfect information, and perfectly elastic demand amongst many others. When these assumptions are progressively relaxed, especially those relating to fixed & sunk costs, perfect information and perfectly elastic demand, the basic principle of a uniform price at marginal cost breaks down. And, it is under such conditions that differential prices are usually welfare enhancing, and attempts to ban the practice can damage a wide class of consumers, and provide little if any benefit to consumers in
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