In this chapter, the relevant literature that contributes to the research will be reviewed. First, the value creation of the mergers and acquisitions will be discussed. After explaining the overconfidence concept from the psychology view, the hubris theory and the overconfidence in the content of corporate finance will be discussed. In the end of this section, the measures of the overconfidence and the hypotheses derived based on the literature views will be proposed. 2.1. M&A and Value Creation
The term "optimism" refers to an emotional and psychological perspective on life. It is a positive frame of mind and means that a person takes the view of expecting the best outcome from any given situation. An optimistic person is one who sees the glass as 'half-full' instead of 'half-empty'. In psychology levels of optimism can be measured by use of the Life Orientation Test and Attributional Style Questionnaire. Levels of optimism (and its reverse pessimism) appear to have some links to heredity
proven to affect health, psychology, and neuroscience ("Positive thinking"). Neuroscience and neuroplasticity ( a science dealing with the structure or function of the nervous system and brain) has shown once the brain is flooded with positive thoughts it can develop, shape, and change form (Zmijewski). In addition to neuroscience another important topic in the study of positivity includes psychology. Psychology is the study of the brain, mind, and behavior. Psychology has many underlying topics
colleagues developed Positive Psychology as a new branch of science in Psychology (Seligman, 2002). Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that studies science and applications that relate to the study of psychological strengths and positive emotions (Snyder and Lopez, 2007). Positive psychological views emphasize on how to utilize strengths and pre-eminence rather than focusing on deficiency and weakness, opening a new window for the advancement of psychology (Seligman, 2002; Seligman &
that some of the physical of biological technologies that we have are irrelevant and has never been applied in coming up with a solution to solve these problems. No matter how hard we try. The field of human behaviour is quite a difficult one in psychology. There are different theories into which it explains how human behaviour came about. In Skinner’s winning novel piece, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, he is convinced that human behaviour is driven by the environment and biology. Freedom and dignity
one being the “Cathedral” by Raymond Carver, An American short-storyteller and poet. The narrator in this story realizes the capability he has of focusing on something that has never been important to him. The story leaves us with a small sense of optimism that the narrator will change the way he views his life. Because the blind man was not an important person to the narrator, the narrator made his own impression of him. This is one example of how people see without looking. We experience this in
view on human behavior, and contrast with the behavioral perspective, which compares human beings as puppets toward receive rewards and punishments Carl Rogers and Abraham maslow were the leading theorists of the humanistic perspective. Humanistic psychology emphasized existential and interpersonal themes such as meaning, purpose, values, choice, spirituality, self-acceptance, and self-actualization. Carl rogers was a pioneer in the development f the humanistic perspective and helped provide the foundation
Personality is defined as the system of feelings, actions and thoughts that differentiate people from one another (Hirsch, Kett, & Trefil, 2002). The most popular way to test someone’s personality is through personality testing, which looks at specific underlying personality traits and makes a conclusion about a person’s overall personality (Goffin, & Christiansen, 2003). One of the most popular personality tests is the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). The NEO-PI-R is a self-report questionnaire
PERSONAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE BEHAVIOR OF PURCHASE. Each client has a different personality and the personal factors that influence customer purchases the product is: a. Demography These factors influence the choice of customers in the market for related demographic information base or background of an individual, such as gender, age, ethnicity, education level and income. Important factors related to age is often overlooked by marketers. This may be due to large differences in the age of individuals
The concept of Adversity Quotient discovered by Stoltz (1997) is a science theory of human performance deeply rooted in several sciences like cognitive psychology (control and mastery of one’s life), psychoneuroses-immunology (immune function), and neurophysiology (science of the brain). The cognitive psychology research has found that people respond to problems in consistent patterns that do not change unless the individual takes action to modify the behavior. This included several essential concepts