breakdown of organic waste materials in a lowoxygen (e.g., anaerobic) environment. Biogas is composed primarily of methane (typically 55% – 70% by volume) and carbon dioxide (typically 30% – 45%). Biogas may also include smaller amounts of hydrogen sulfide (typically 50 – 2000 parts per million [ppm]), water vapor (saturated), oxygen, and various trace hydrocarbons. Due to its lower methane content
2. Why Choose Microalgae culture or Microalgae as an Ideal biomass? Or Microalgae: advantages and disadvantages The microalgae culture have the infinite potential to be used as primary producers of biomass in coming years, eventually they will turn out to be as most significant energy source. They can act as feedstock for several types of renewable fuels such as ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, methane and hydrogen. Table 1 represents certain feedstocks used for biofuel production (Chisti 2007; Dominguez-Faus
(react with other elements) as it will cost even more to separate the compound or molecules again. Oil on the other hand can be transported through pipelines and coal can be carried in dump trucks and other heavy vehicles (Future, 2009). 3. Another disadvantage would be the hydrogen fuel cell’s dependency on fossil fuels. Although hydrogen energy is renewable and its environmental impacts are minimal, other non-renewable sources like coal, oil and natural gas are needed to separate hydrogen from oxygen
INTRODUCTION As the country’s population growth rate increase they need to develop their economy in this power world. Energy is one of the basic ingredients required to elevate poverty and socio economic development and energy is an important development of country .today a country can only finish its economy by its power equipment’s and machineries which are working safely if the power continuity is widely available. Pakistan has been facing an unprecedent energy crisis since the last several years
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 BIODIESEL AND ITS PROPERTIES Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in Patton, 2002) OR “… origins of neuralgia” (Carini and Hogan, as cited in Patton, 2002, p. 2154) Biodiesel is a renewable, reduces the emission of some pollutants (Dinkov et al., 2008), and environmentally friendly alternative to mineral diesel fuel (Lam et al., as cited in Dinkov et al., 2008). Biodiesel is also non-flammable, non-explosive, biodegradable and nontoxic compared to mineral diesel. As