the first example of a modern federal constitution (see Madison et al. 1788). As is frequently the case with most theories, the literature on fiscal Introduction 3 federalism has been strongly influenced by the geo-political context in which it originated; namely, the federal systems of North America. This has led to problems relating to its extension to other cases, especially to the nation states of Europe and Asia. A simple example refers to the assignment problem. Fiscal federalism theory (see
have proposed many models of Aboriginal self-government to structure governmental Aboriginal-Canadian relations. In addition to the third tier model, Abele and Prince (2006) describe three other models: the municipal model, the model of adapted federalism and the nation-to-nation model. Henders (2005) proposes two models of ecological self-government: the Five Point Peace Plan of the Dalai Lama and the vision of "landed citizenship" of John Borrow. Henders (2005) posits that individualistic conceptualizations
units of government. Governments must have some decentralization of its operations in the interests of both democracy and efficiency. Most countries rely heavily upon sub-central government to deliver services to citizens. It makes no sense, for example, to have bureaucrats in the capital city deciding when to close park gates in some distant town, or what books to buy for the local library. These are local services, and it makes sense to put them in the hands of local people who are affected by
appropriate way of government or political action. The level of importance that one society places on issues says a lot about that society's political culture. For example; in a peaceful, well developed and democratic society
It is known as a “structural element of Canadian and comparative federalism”(Baier 2). This is important protection for people under governmental power. Judicial review was first created by the Madbury v. Madison case from 1803 (Orren). The Supreme Court was lead by Chief Justice John Marshall, where during this case he stated the legal principle of judicial review. Similarly in Canada, the role of judicial review was set during the making of laws between Parliament and provincial