‘excessive taxes will be levied; 2. Conversely, centralization restricts the ability of states to compete (as in (i) since a growing national share of total government money weakens the relative significance of local governments; and 3. Centralization may generate a greater reliance on inflationary finance given that only the national government is able to print money. Oates (1985) argued that decentralization would tend to increase total public resource mobilization. An empirical investigation conducted
and spend it next month, next year or the year after. It will store all (or most) of its purchasing power, hence, it stores value. Note that inflation can affect the extent to which this value is
war ends, there was a rise in world oil price and Nigeria benefited immensely from this rise. Nigeria became a member of the organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) in 1971 and the Nigerian National Petroleum company (NNPC) which is a government owned and controlled company was founded in 1977. By the late sixties and early seventies, Nigeria had attained a production level of over 2 million barrels of crude oil a day. Although there was a drop in production of crude oil in the eighties
Executive-legislative disconnection has become serious in Hong Kong. Some council members especially people from pro-democratic camp always oppose government’s policies opinions no matter how they are. The relationship between government and council member is worse. As a result, it makes quality of governance in HKSAR decrease and affect a lot of things and citizens. I will talk about this problem by discussing the cause of the problem, its impacts and solutions. To begin with, people may wonder why executive-legislative
sectors. Many a government has decided to utilize the ICT to communicate and interaction with its citizens to reduce costs, improve performance, faster delivery of government information and services and more effective communication between the various parties. However, electronic government (e-Government) still face pressure on the radical change in structure, values, culture and provide of services by utilizing for ICT. This paper will highlight to present what is e-Government, what are
Economic essentials affect the level of volatility and the extent to which exchange rate stability is maintained. Favorable economic circumstances and outcome which in turn would appreciate the currency and maintain stability is caused by strong fundamentals. (Mordi 2006) 2
Environmental changes and issues have become global concern in our today’s world since they affect both rich and poor, developed and developing countries. Ecology which refers to the air, plants, Organism, mineral resources and water that surround and support the organisms such as humans, has been combined with politic due to the distribution and owning of commons(power). This paper explains the causes, effect and ways of managing common from being overused referencing from common property and rational
In developing countries rural households especially in African regions rely much on subsistence farming as main source of livelihoods in which food security is met and it also provides seasonal employment opportunities. Although rural households engaged much in farming activities but they are faced with enormous challenges that force them choose other options of livelihoods’ strategies. For instance, due to persistence droughts and unreliability of rainfall made rural households not to have sufficient
COMPANIES LISTED IN NIFTY 50 INDEX. Introduction Many developing countries have embarked on tax reforms in recent years. Such reforms were motivated both by local factors as well as by rapid internationalization of economic activities. The need to correct fiscal imbalances and the transition from a centralized plan to a market economy were the important local factors hastening tax reforms. Difficulties in compressing expenditures necessitated that tax system reform take an important role in fiscal adjustment
Japan contains a comprehensive education system.While having a centralized government, they control the guidelines of the curriculum, approval of textbooks, and standardized exams. Japan’s comprehensive system insures that all students are educated equally and go further on with their education, Adolino and Blake (2011, 335). Exams are taken after primary school that determine where the child is placed in upper secondary school. In Japan’s high schools they typically have vocational classes as well