commonly made by a process known as fermentation from biomass high in carbohydrates, sugars and starches. Ethanol is mostly used as a blending agent with gasoline to increase octane and cut down carbon emitting gases which cause atmospheric pollution. Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol ( methanol) with vegetable oil. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions or in its pure form as a renewable
Introduction: Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter. Burning biomass releases carbon emissions, around a quarter higher than burning coal, but has been classed as a "renewable" energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plants can be regrown.[1] It has become popular among coal power stations, which switch from coal to biomass to comply with the law. Biomass most often refers to plants or plant-based materials that are not used for
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Diesel engine is a very popular prime mover used for surface transportation, agricultural machinery needs and in industries. Diesel engines of more than 6.5 million units are being used only in the Indian agricultural sectors for different activities and the import of petroleum products is a major draw off on our foreign exchange sectors and with increasing demand in future years the condition is likely to become worse. Hence, it is an urgent need for a country like India
effect, global warming, etc. To deal with such problems, renewable sources, utilization technology and bioenergy production technology have been developed. Bioethanol as one of the biofuel can be blended in different proportions in automobiles with gasoline. Biobutanol is also a new biofuel (Liu, Wang, & Zhang, 2009). Production through ABE fermentation of acetone, butanol and ethanol was discovered over 100 years ago. In 1861, Pasteur discovered that anaerobic bacteria could produce butanol. In 1905
CHAPTER: 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Petroleum is one of the primary sources of energy. It is the back bone of industries. It goes through a long chain from exploration to retailing- before it is available for usage in different forms. In our country, the Refining business is primarily dominated by Public Sector Undertaking Companies like Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), etc. Apart from PSUs, major player in this sector