Military leaders resent McNamara’s intrusion into their services’ business. Countering the resistance of the existing Joint Service Chiefs (JCS), McNamara replaces all them with officers who accept and defer to civilian authority (p. 29). By the time Vietnam starts McNamara transforms the U.S. war command system to one of crisis management with yes-men at the head of the services (p. 30). War leadership runs directly from the president, through the SECDEF to the commander in the field. The service