BASIC TESTS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA GRAM STAIN A. SMEAR PREPARATION The preparation of a smear is required for many laboratory procedures, including the Gram-Stain. The purpose of making a smear is to fix the bacteria onto the slide and to prevent the sample from being lost during a staining procedure. A smear can be prepared from a solid or broth medium. Below are guidelines for preparing a smear for a Gram-stain. Safety • Wear gloves • Avoid aerosols • Care must be taken when heat fixing
industrial mechanisms. Secondary biofuels can be produced in the form of solids (e.g. charcoal, fuelwood, wood pellets), or liquids (e.g. ethanol, biodiesel, butanol, pyrolysis oils and bio-oil), or gases (e.g. biogas, synthesis gas, methane and hydrogen) (Nigam & Singh, 2011). The secondary biofuels can be segregated into first, second and third-generation biofuels based on the substrate availability, technology maturity and GHG gas emission balance. (Bharathidasan et al. 2011). Research has provided