liberal in Islam. When discussing about liberalism in Islam, there are various nations that can be mentioned which had practiced liberalism, such as Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Albania, Iraq, Pakistan, Lebanon and Egypt. Many issues can be advanced regarding the issues of liberalism, such marriage, lifestyle, rights as a Muslim, and trend of dress that is appropriate for women to wear in public. Turkey, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Indonesia can be pronounced
political affiliations. Next studies might include religious fundamentalism given that this variable, as recommended by Swami (2012), is very relevant to Muslim social identity. As argued by Jikeli (2012), Muslims’ negative perceptions towards Western people in terms of threat, injustice, and discrimination oftentimes function as a means by which Muslim fundamentalists rationalize their belief in the Western conspiracies to harm Islam. Another limitation is that the operationalization of Western
rural individuals into urban areas, predictably, the growth of Islamic movements affected secularism in Turkey causing political instability. Current president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, as a Major of Istanbul in 2002 made the world believe that Islam and democracy can be compatible. With the city funds he managed to renovate Catholic churches and Jewish synagogues. He indicated his respect to other religions by declaring that “a person who is genuine believer would not harm the community no matter