2.5.1 Citrus Black Spot (Phyllosticta citricarpa) - Origin and Distribution Phyllosticta citricarpa originated collectively with its host, Citrus L., from South East Asia (Smith et al., 1997). McAlpine in 1899 first described the asexual form of the fungus as Phoma citricarpa from symptomatic citrus fruit in Australia. Kiely (1948) described the sexual form as Guignardia citricarpa from citrus leaf litter in Australia. The spermatial state or synanamorph is a Leptodothiorella and the species has
IL-1β were isolated. The ELISA assay allows the quantitative determination of the endogenous rabbit fever signal IL-1β. Comparison of three pyrogen tests Test: Rabbit LAL WBT Pyrogens Bacteria gram-negative + + + Bacteria gram-positive + - + Fungi + - + Applications Biologicals + - + Pharmaceuticals + + + Medical Devices - + + Air quality - (+) + Blood components - -
BIOFUELS Two problems roused the world’s concern in recent years. One is energy crisis caused by the squandering of petroleum fuel. Second problem is environmental problems such as greenhouse effect, global warming, etc. To deal with such problems, renewable sources, utilization technology and bioenergy production technology have been developed. Bioethanol as one of the biofuel can be blended in different proportions in automobiles with gasoline. Biobutanol is also a new biofuel (Liu, Wang, & Zhang