Women's Role In The Reformation

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RESEARCH ESSAY: Were women actively involved in the Reformation, or were they marginalized by its leaders? In recent times, the role of women in the Reformation has been the subject of increased historiographical inquisition. Weisner suggests that traditionally, historians have tended to disregard the question of gender in Reformation history, either assuming that women shared their father’s and husband’s experiences, or played no role in the movement whatsoever. The aim of this paper is to interrogate the assumption that the Reformation was an exclusively male movement. It will be suggested that the Reformation’s gender prescriptive teachings, especially those of Martin Luther, resulted in a movement that was primarily male driven, interposed…show more content…
In the pre-Reformation period, the women of cloisters were considered spiritually superior to wives and mothers because of the great emphasis placed on virginity in Catholic doctrine. This sentiment is reflected in the letters of Jean Gerson, one of the most influential theologians of the early fifteenth century, in which he urges his six sisters to pledge themselves to celibacy claiming that ‘there is no service in the word more pleasing to God than total virginity of body and mind.’ In Spiritual Exercises (1548), Ignatius of Loyola encouraged Catholics to ‘praise highly the religious life, virginity, and continence; and also matrimony, but not as highly.’ As discussed above, Lutheran teaching believed that a woman was not created to be a virgin, but to bear children. For Martin Luther, the cloisters became the ‘symbol of the age’s antifeminism,’ and thus there was a movement to liberate woman from perceived sexual…show more content…
In many ways, monasteries provided women with an attractive alternative to marriage, where a female could gain an education, social commerce and responsibility beyond the familial realm. Ruether has suggested that ‘the institution of monasticism was for the Christian woman a real and concrete option, a little world occasionally run by and for woman, where a woman had an alternative to the authority of father and husband.’ Some nuns, at least, seemed to oppose the closing of the convent on these grounds. In particular, Caritas Pirckheimer, the Abbess of Saint Clara’s convent in Nuremberg, stridently protested against the closure of the Abby, rejecting the Protestant idealization of matrimonial life as a triumph for the ‘conceited sinful freedom of sensuality.’ Leonard suggests that ‘it is possible that the nuns, conscious of their relative independence and autonomy within the cloister, knew that they would be giving up their freedom if they left.’ The closing of convents meant that women lost their only official role in public religious life, and a place where they could escape constant submission to male authority. As such, the Protestant movement displayed a willingness to control and restrict women’s active participation, and thus marginalized their ability to play an active role in the Reformation
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