But before venturing into Clodia’s case, it should be mentioned that the model for accusing well-born and bred women of using witchcraft in achieving political goals had already been established by Livy, who describes the first ever collective poison trials of upper-class women in the later part of the fourth century BCE. Aside from being accused of trying to usurp male power and dominance, women were also thought of dabbling with magic and φαρμακεία. In