1.1. Problem area Turkey is a central actor on the global scene and lies at a crossroad between all four cardinal points, hence between Western values and Muslim culture. It has undergone historical changes that have had great importance, not only for its population, but also for its political, economic and social factors. Turkey moved away from the Ottoman Empire in 1923 when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established the modern Republic of Turkey. Indeed, Atatürk laid the groundwork that would allow the