think they know the most are actually the ones who know the least of all. Most people know, or once knew, of someone who was so arrogant in his or her apparent knowledge about a certain subject. David Dunning addresses this way of thinking in his essay “We Are All Confident Idiots,” in order to expose and educate others on how to be a well educated member of society. The author argues in favor of the Dunning- Kruger effect in order to convince his readers of a phenomenon that reveals how the incompetent