The History of the Freedom Riders During the 1960s, the struggle for civil rights had become more defined than ever. Nearly 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern states still inhabited a starkly unequal world of disenfranchisement, segregation and various forms of oppression (Staff, History.com, 2009). African Americans were commonly known as Coloreds, they were up against hard laws and white people that thought Coloreds’ were second-class to their race. The
The Freedom Riders The "Freedom Riders" movement began long before May 4, 1961. It started in 1944 when Irene Morgan Kirkaldy, a Black woman, was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia for refusing to give up her seat on an interstate bus (Arsenault, 2006). She appealed her conviction to the United States Supreme Court (Arsenault, 2006). In 1946, the Supreme Court ruled that Virginia law was unconstitutional since the Commerce clause protected interstate traffic (Arsenault, 2006). The Freedom Riders