Voltaire also known as Francois-Marie Arouet was a French Enlightenment writer and philosopher. He was an activist who encouraged freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective, the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt, the commoners as ignorant and superstitious, and the Church as a stagnant and oppressive force used occasionally as a counterbalance to the selfishness of kings and itself