an analysis regarding the origins of such attitudes and what influenced their development through personal and societal components. The aspects covered include societal, individual, additive and subtractive bilingualism. The second part of this essay discusses the relationship between these attitudes and language and maintenance shift by showing the contribution of Diglossia, status, and demographic and institutional support factors Various attitudes are expressed by de Bres, his family, and others
Chapter Two: Literature review Introduction English as a second or foreign language has gained much attention during the past decades in almost every country. In Iran English is taught as a foreign language in high-schools as well as in universities (Mirdehghan, HoseiniKargar, Navab, & Mahmoodi, 2011). Aside from different language courses presented in different levels of public academic centers, there are also private institutes that teach different levels of foreign language