century, several social scientists engaged in the debate on Japanese miraculous growth. Some of them, for example, Chalmers Johnson, argued that the miracle was a result of a development state that was guided by competent bureaucratic officers. This essay aims to investigate the formation of a modern state in Japan during the end of Tokugawa bakufu to the outset of the Second World War. The investigation based on Andrew Gordon’s “A Modern History of Japan” (2002). During the unification under the Tokugawa
the Japanese Imperial Army over a six-week period after taking the Chinese capital city of Nanjing (then called Nanking) in December 1937. After capturing the city, the Japanese soldiers massacred 300,000 out of 600,000 in population, and committed innumerable atrocities, including rape, looting, and the torture and slaughter of women, children, elderly, and other civilians (historyplace.com). Even by wartime standards, such acts were abominable and exceptionally barbarous. This essay will examine
arrived, Japan was a complicated and conflict-ridden society. It had many of the features of a modern nation, with a nation-wide states apparatus under the secular control of the bakuju in Edo, which in turn relied on the religious authority of the imperial house in Kyoto for part of its legitimacy.” Perry’s arrival directly led the civil war in Japan, and as the result the bakufu was overthrown. The emperor took charge of the empire. And the real revolution started. Emperor Meiji supported his government
used in reference to a condition that succeeds colonial rule (Sidaway 2000). A definition as such could be argued as rather misleading in light of the fact that majority of nations involved are still culturally and economically subordinated. This essay, with reference to Sidaway (2000) and Orwell (1936), will make obvious the multiple postcolonial conditions that allow for the continuation of coercion and will further delineate the different categories of imperialism and colonialism. In addition
used in reference to a condition that succeeds colonial rule (Sidaway 2000). A definition as such could be argued as rather misleading in light of the fact that majority of nations involved are still culturally and economically subordinated. This essay, with reference to Sidaway (2000) and Orwell (1936), will make obvious the multiple postcolonial conditions that allow for the continuation of coercion and will further delineate the different categories of imperialism and colonialism. In addition
and Five Emperors period, some form of Chinese monarch has been the chief ruler primarily. Conceptually each imperial or feudal period is alike, with the government and military officials ranking high in the order, and the rest of the population govern by regular Chinese law. Since the late Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) ahead, traditional Chinese society was structured into a hierarchic system of socio-economic classes well-known as the four occupations. The divisions among all groups became indistinct
One of the Most Impactful Authors of the 20th Century “If liberty means anything, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear” - George Orwell. George Orwell’s life began at the start of the twentieth century. World War 1 started in 1914 and lasted until 1918, a long and bloody war that killed millions. The Spanish Civil War took place from 1936 to 1939, and greatly impacted Orwell, as he fought in the war himself fighting against the nationalists. Directly after the Spanish Civil
July 12 or 13, 100 BC to March 15, 44 BC) was a politically adept and popular leader of the Roman Republic who significantly transformed what became known as the Roman Empire by greatly expanding its geographic reach and establishing its imperial system. Caesar's birth marked the beginning of a new chapter in Roman history. By age 31, Caesar had fought in several wars and become involved in Roman politics. While Julius Caesar hailed from Roman aristocrats, his family was far from rich. When Caesar
from imperial to today’s China. In many ways and across various regimes, nationalism has been a mean of legitimacy for the authorities. But today, when millions of young Chinese protest in the streets during the Beijing Olympic Torch relay in 2008, the Chinese state has to maintain China’s place on the international scene, as well as dealing with popular nationalists claims. This casts doubts on the idea that nationalism is still an essential source of regime legitimacy today. In this essay, I will
The church leaders were urged to convey messages that encouraged obedience to the government and supported an imperial policy. The system created by Byzantine Empire led to the current association between states and churches. In the empire, there was no clear distinction between secular and religious. Therefore, the state and the church functioned as a unit (n.a, 1). Byzantines