traditional budgeting. Apart from traditional budgeting systems such as incremental and line-items budgets, there are alternative budgetary systems which have developed over the years. They are Beyond Budgets (BB), Zero-Based Budget (ZBB) and Rolling Budget (RB). There is also cash budget which is a financial plan of the cash inflows and outflows for a specific period. However, I shall focus on three (3) alternative budgeting systems for Emilia namely ZBB, RB and ABB. • Zero-Based Budget (ZBB):
Introduction The real options theory is grounded on the theory of financial options. Those financial options are written on an exchange-traded underlying. The major breakthrough in the financial options theory was accomplished by Fisher Black and Myron C. Scholes. The Black-Scholes model is a mathematical model for the evaluation of financial options, which was published in 1973 and is considered a milestone in the financial industry. After four years, Myers was the first who introduced the concept
succeed with self-service, and it would be unnecessary for a discounter to have a large sales staff. The most productive approach applies a specific integrated retail strategy (such as a full service jewelry store) as efficiently as possible Success is based on the principle of offering customers quality products at great prices and neighborly service in clean, conveniently located stores. Food Lion is one of the largest supermarket chains in the United States, with 1,300 supermarkets, either directly