individuals would rather die from torture so the state or crown wouldn't take away the little that they had, this was the little bit of money and or property could be left to their families. "The father of modern criminology" Cesare Beccaria got his title when he left school and decided to join a men's club that needed reforms in Italy, where there he was assigned to write a report on the prison systems in 1763. Shortly after he completed "On Crimes and Punishments" which influenced heavily on the French