susceptible to other perspectives, one cannot truly gain knowledge. One must have a philosophical equilibrium in the sense that they do not solely rely on one philosophical idea. There is a certain balance needed to handle life’s hardships. In Voltaire’s Candide, he highlights hypocrisy in Optimism, Pragmatism, Pessimism, and Nihilism to ultimately reveal the dangers of being too dependent one of idea. Optimism insists that every outcome is the best possible outcome however Voltaire uses the old woman