Despite the necessary benefits provided by medical treatment, there are still many people who continue to avoid required medical injections or blood extractions because of their poor reaction to needles. The term describing the fear of needles is called trypanophobia. This condition seems more apparent to those of a younger age due to their needle exposure from medical shots and vaccines that develop their body's immunization system. In addition, children's sensitivity to pain and stress caused by needle injections can lead to a growth of needle phobia as they become older. For example, ineffective clinical practices such as a doctor's poor ability to find a patient's vein with a syringe may develop the patient's stress and fear of needles [1]. As claimed by Melody Alexander, "research has shown that without stress and pain management, children who undergo stressful or invasive medical procedures can experience potential long-term effects, including post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms [2]." Trypanophobia may result in one's avoidance of receiving necessary medical treatment that involves injection into the skin, as well as one's potential to posses…show more content… The presence of a child's parents or their involvement in the procedure may help comfort the child and minimize the pain and stress caused by the injection. Informing a patient about their medical procedure helps promote his or her confidence and cooperation [2]. Distraction allows a patient's attention to become diverted away from the pain caused by a needle. Positive reinforcement encourages and motivates a child to endure any pain or stress an injection my produce by giving a form of reward or praise to the